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The Cretan Turks (Greek Τουρκοκρητικοί or Τουρκοκρήτες, ''Tourkokritikí'' or ''Tourkokrítes'', Turkish ''Giritli'', ''Girit Türkleri'', or ''Giritli Türkler''), Muslim-Cretans or Cretan Muslims were the Muslim inhabitants of Crete (until 1923) and now their descendants, who settled principally in Turkey, the Dodecanese Islands under Italian administration, Syria (notably in the village of Al-Hamidiyah), Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, and Egypt, as well as in the larger Turkish diaspora. Cretan Muslims were of mainly Greek origin, with in cases some Turkish ancestry through intermarriage with the small number of Turks who settled on Ottoman Crete. Many Cretan Greeks had converted to Islam in the wake of the Ottoman conquest of Crete.〔Leonidas Kallivretakis, "A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near Eastern Politics", p. 13''f'' in Paschalis Kitromilides, ''Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship'', Edinburgh University Press, 2009, ISBN 0748633642〕 This high rate of local conversions to Islam was similar to that in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, parts of western Greek Macedonia, and Bulgaria;〔Malise Ruthven, Azim Nanji, ''Historical Atlas of Islam'', ISBN 0674013859, p. 118〕 perhaps even a uniquely high rate of conversions rather than immigrants. Like the Vallahades of western Greek Macedonia the Greek Muslims of Crete continued to speak Cretan Greek. However, the Christian Greek population of Crete called them "Turks" as a synonym for "Muslim", since the Cretan Muslims had abandoned their allegiance to the Christian Orthodox church.〔Demetres Tziovas, ''Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters Since the Enlightenment''; William Yale, ''The Near East: A modern history'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1958)〕 They were often called "Turkocretans"; "among the Christian population, intermarriage and conversion to Islam produced a group of people called Turkocretans; ethnically Cretan but converted (or feigning conversion) to Islam for various practical reasons. European travellers' accounts note that the 'Turks' of Crete were mostly not of Turkic origin, but were Cretan converts from Orthodoxy."〔Barbara J. Hayden, ''The Settlement History of the Vrokastro Area and Related Studies'', vol. 2 of ''Reports on the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete'', p. 299〕 They also referred to themselves as "Turco-Romnoi" ("Turkish Rum" or "Turkish Greeks") 〔Balta, E., & Ölmez, M. (2011). Between religion and language: Turkish-speaking Christians, Jews and Greek-speaking Muslims and Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. İstanbul: Eren.〕 Sectarian violence during the 19th century caused many to leave Crete, especially during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897,〔Henry Noel Brailsford ((full text )), an eyewitness of the immediate aftermath, uses the term "wholesale massacre" to describe the events of 1897 in Crete.〕 and after autonomous Crete's unilateral declaration of union with Greece rule in 1908.〔() , Chapter 5, p. 87. "In the eve of the Occupation of İzmir by the Greek army in 1922, there was in the city a colony of Turcocretans who had left Crete around the time that the island was united with the Greek Kingdom."〕 Finally, after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 and the Turkish War of Independence, the remaining Muslims of Crete were compulsorily exchanged for the Greek Christians of Anatolia under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). At all periods, most Cretan Muslims were Greek-speaking,〔 but the language of administration and the prestige language for the Muslim urban upper classes was Ottoman Turkish. In the folk tradition, however, Greek was used to express Muslims' "Islamic--often Bektashi--sensibility".〔 Under the Ottoman Empire, many Cretan Turks attained prominent positions. Those who left Crete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries settled largely along Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean coast; other waves of refugees settled in Syrian cities like Damascus, Aleppo, and Al Hamidiyah; in Tripoli, Lebanon; Haifa, Israel; Alexandria and Tanta in Egypt, and Apollonia in Libya. While some of these peoples have integrated themselves with the populations around them over the course of the 20th century, the majority of them still live in a tightly knit communities preserving their unique culture, traditions, Cretan Greek dialect and Turkish language. In fact many of them made reunion visits to distant relatives in Lebanon, in Crete and even other parts of Greece where some of the cousins may still share the family name but follow a different religion. Although most Cretan Turks are Sunni Muslims, Islam in Crete under Ottoman rule was deeply influenced by the Bektashi Sufi order, was the case in parts of the south Balkans mainland, particularly Albania, Northwestern Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace. This influence went far beyond the actual numbers of Bektashis present in Crete and it contributed to the shaping of the literary output, folk Islam, and a tradition of inter-religious tolerance. == Culture == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cretan Turks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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